This type of hemorrhage occurs below the innermost of the two membranes that cover the brain.

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) of the newborn is bleeding into the fluid-filled areas (ventricles) surrounded by the brain.

A hemorrhage of blood between the skull of a newborn baby and the periosteum secondary to the rupture of blood vessels crossing the periosteum is called cephalohematoma.

Encephalopathy is a term that means brain disease, damage, or malfunction. A very broad range of symptoms may be seen in patients with this diagnosis. The symptoms can be mild, such as memory loss or subtle personality changes, or they can be more severe and include dementia, seizures, coma, and death. In general, encephalopathy is […]

Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) describes injury to the white-matter of the brain. It is characterized by evidence of necrosis of white matter near the lateral ventricles. It affects both newborns and fetuses. This pathology of the brain has been described under various names including: “encephalodystrophy,” “ischemic necrosis,” “periventricular infarction,” “coagulation necrosis,” “leukomalacia,” “softening of the brain,” […]

Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a condition that occurs when the entire brain is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply. This is a result of hypoxia (an inadequate amount of oxygen in the blood), and ischemia (damage to the brain due to lack of nutrients). This is an injury where cells in the central nervous […]

Intrauterine hypoxia (IH) occurs when the fetus does not receive an adequate supply of oxygen before delivery. IH may be the result of a variety of conditions such as cord prolapse, cord occlusion, and placental infarction. IH, if not timely recognized and treated, can result in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy which is cellular damage within the […]

Neonatal Asphyxia is defined as respiratory failure in a newborn infant. This condition can be caused by the inadequate intake of oxygen before, during, or just after birth. Newborn infants normally start to breathe without assistance and cry almost immediately after delivery. Within one minute of delivery, most infants are breathing well without assistance. Neonatal […]

Anoxia is an extreme form of hypoxia (low levels of oxygen in the blood) in which there is a complete lack of oxygen supply to the body as a whole or to a specific organ or tissue region.

Meconium aspiration syndrome is a condition which describes respiratory distress in a newborn who has breathed (aspirated) meconium into the lungs at or before the time of birth. Affected newborns have bluish skin, breathe rapidly, and grunt when attempting to exhale. The diagnosis is based on the presence of meconium in the amniotic fluid at […]